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Diet and Nutrition in Dementia and Cognitive Decline,

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Editors: Edited by Colin R Martin and Victor R Preedy, BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRCPath, FRSC

Publication Date: 18 Nov 2014

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Diet and Nutrition in Dementia and Cognitive Decline offers researchers and clinicians a single authoritative source which outlines the complex interrelationships between cognitive decline, dementia and the way diet can be modified to improve outcomes. In a cross-disciplinary field like dementia research and practice, clinicians and researchers need a comprehensive resource which will quickly help them identify a range of nutritional components and how they affect cognitive decline and the development of dementia.

While the focus is on clinical applications, the book also features landmark and innovative preclinical studies that have served as the foundation of rigorous trials. Chapters explore the evidence of how nutritional components, either in the diet or supplements, can either impede the development to, or progression from, the onset of dementia. Authors investigate how conditions and processes overlap between defined conditions and present studies which show that dietary components may be equally effective in a number of conditions characterized by declining cognition or dementia. This book represents essential reading for researchers and practicing clinicians in nutrition, dietetics, geriatrics, nursing, neurology, and psychology, as well as researchers, such as neuroscientists, molecular and cellular biochemists, interested in dementia.

http://www.acnr.co.uk/2015/07/diet-and-nutrition-in-dementia-and-cognitive-decline/

Key Features

Explores the complex interrelationships between cognitive decline, dementia and the way diet can be modified to improve outcomes
Focuses on both clinical nutrition applications and the innovative preclinical studies that serve as the foundation for rigorous trials
Covers specific conditions and mechanisms in dementias, as well as general aspects, risk factors, lifestyle and guidelines for practitioners
Organizes chapter content in terms of the molecular, mechanistic, epidemiologic, and practical, so that correlations can be observed across conditions

About the author

Edited by Colin R Martin, Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and WellbeingUniversity of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK and Victor R Preedy, BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRCPath, FRSC, Professor in the Department of Clinical Biochemistry at King’s College Hospital, London, UK Emeritus Professor in Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine at King’s College London, UK Visiting Professor at the University of Hull, UK

List of Contributors
Preface
Foreword
Part I: Introductory Aspects, Specific Conditions, and Basic Mechanisms in Dementia and Cognitive Decline
- Chapter 1. Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Mild Cognitive Impairment
  - Pathophysiology of Cognitive Decline
  - Risk Factors for Cognitive Decline
  - Current Diagnostic Criteria for MCI and AD
  - Treatment of Cognitive Decline
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 2. Alzheimer’s Disease
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Clinical Symptoms
  - Neuropathology
  - Metabolic Disturbances
  - Therapeutics
  - Diagnostic Tools
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 3. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Dementia
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Care
  - Riluzole
  - Multidisciplinary Care
  - Nutrition
  - Respiration
  - Palliative Care and Hospice
  - Symptomatic Treatments
  - Epidemiology
  - Measuring Progression
  - Clinical Features that Predict Survival
  - Clinical Trials
  - Applications to Other Dementias
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 4. Corticobasal Degeneration and Dementia
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Clinical Features
  - Neuropathology
  - Neuroimaging
  - Diagnosis
  - Causes
  - Application to Other Dementias
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 5. Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease and Dementia
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Prion Protein in Health and Disease
  - Etiological Classification of Human Prion Diseases
  - Neuropathological Aspects
  - Molecular Basis of Phenotypic Variability
  - Clinical Symptoms
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Currently Available and Routinely Used Laboratory Tests
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 6. Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Diagnostic Criteria of bvFTD
  - Genetics: Autosomal-Dominant Inherited Mutations and Pathogenic-Related Mechanisms
  - Final Remarks
  - Applications to Other Dementias
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - Acknowledgment
  - References
- Chapter 7. Gaucher Disease and Dementia
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Neuronopathic GD
  - Establishment of an In Vitro GD Model to Study Neurodegenerative Mechanisms
  - Applications to Other Dementia
  - Practical Applications
  - Summary Points
  - Acknowledgments
  - References
- Chapter 8. Huntington’s Disease and Dementia: From Transgenic Models to Molecular Neuropathology
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Neuropathology and Dementia in HD
  - HD Transgenic Models
  - Molecular Etiology of HD
  - Mutant HTT Misfolding and Protein Aggregation
  - Energy Metabolism and Oxidative Stress
  - Glutamatergic Neurotransmission and Excitotoxicity
  - Dysregulated Corticostriatal Neuronal Processing as a Key Driver of HD Neuropathology
  - Conclusion
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 9. Dementia with Lewy Bodies
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Clinical Features
  - Neuropathology
  - Neuroimaging
  - Diagnosis
  - Causes
  - Application to Other Dementias
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 10. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Putative Nutritional and Lifestyle Risk Factors
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Hydrocephalus
  - The Clinical Syndrome of NPH
  - Etiology of NPH: Idiopathic and Secondary
  - Applications to Other Dementias
  - Diagnosis of NPH
  - Surgical Management of NPH
  - Diet and Nutrition in iNPH
  - Summary
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 11. Cognitive Decline and Dementia in Parkinson’s Disease
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Clinical Features and Diagnosis
  - Cognitive Dysfunction in PD
  - Behavioral Alterations in PD
  - Treatment
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 12. Pick’s Disease: The Evolution of Theory and Knowledge in Neurodegenerative Tauopathies
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Classical Conceptualization
  - Conceptual Evolution: Micropathology Guides Construct Development
  - The Essentials of Tau Protein
  - Tau and Pathology
  - Conceptual Evolution: From “Pick’s Disease” to FTLD
  - FTLD-Tau with Pick bodies
  - Applications to Other Dementia
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - Acknowledgments
  - References
- Chapter 13. Posterior Cortical Atrophy and Dementia
  - Introduction
  - Prevalence
  - Pathophysiology
  - Risk Factors
  - Clinical Features
  - Non-Cognitive Symptoms
  - Cognitive Symptoms
  - Some Examples of PCA Presentations
  - Practical Issues
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Diagnostic Features
  - Diagnostic Testing
  - Neuroimaging
  - Application to Other Dementias
  - Treatment
  - Summary Points
  - Acknowledgment
  - References
- Chapter 14. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Dementia
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
  - Pathology and Neurobiology
  - Clinical Manifestation
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Diagnostic Workup
  - Therapy
  - Cognitive Decline and Dementia in PSP
  - Application to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 15. Cognitive Vascular Impairment: An Overview of Clinical, Diagnosis, and Treatment
  - Introduction
  - Definition and Diagnostic Criteria
  - Mechanisms of Disease
  - Mixed AD/CVD
  - Treatment
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 16. Wernicke–Korsakoff Syndrome and Dementia
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Historical Perspectives
  - Epidemiology of WKS
  - Thiamine Metabolic Functions
  - Mechanisms Leading to Thiamine Deficiency in WKS
  - Pathology and Neurological Damage in WKS
  - Clinical Features of WKS
  - Diagnosis of WKS
  - Treatment of WKS
  - Applications to Other Dementias
  - Conclusions
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 17. Rare and Unusual Dementias
  - List of Abbreviation
  - Introduction
  - Degenerative Causes
  - Vitamin-Related Deficiencies
  - Metal and Other Toxicities
  - Infectious Causes
  - Prion Diseases
  - Endocrinal and Metabolic Causes
  - Brain Trauma and Other Injuries
  - Neoplastic and Paraneoplastic Disorders
  - Autoimmune and Inflammatory Causes
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 18. Dementia: An Overview of Risk Factors
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Epidemiology of Dementia and Risk Factors
  - Vascular Risk Factors and Dementia; Why Was it Explored?
  - Application to Other Dementias
  - Practical Issues
  - Conclusion
  - Summary Points
  - Acknowledgment
  - References
- Chapter 19. Setting the Scene: Cognitive Decline and the Default American Lifestyle
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - Acknowledgments
  - References
- Chapter 20. Malnutrition in the Elderly
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Nutritional Status in the Elderly (Definition and Prevalence)
  - Pathophysiology (Determinants and Consequences)
  - Nutritional Status Evaluation
  - Prevention of Malnutrition
  - Nutritional Intervention
  - Applications to Dementia or to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 21. Chronic Inflammation and Innate Immunity in Alzheimer’s Disease—Role of Diet
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Signatures of Inflammation Associated with Chronic Diseases of Midlife
  - Proinflammatory Chronic Disease in Midlife and Risk of AD and Dementia in Later Life
  - Signatures of Inflammation Associated with Aging, Dementia, and AD
  - Applications to AD
  - Applications to Other Dementias
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 22. Pathophysiological Mechanisms on How Nutritionally Related Components Can Have a Negative Impact on Cognition: The Example of Homocysteine
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Metabolism of Homocysteine
  - Homocysteine and Brain Cells
  - Animal Models of Hyperhomocysteinemia
  - Applications to Vascular Dementia
  - Practical Issues
  - Conclusion
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 23. Body Composition and Cognitive Function: A Review with Focus on Aging and Disease
  - Introduction
  - Causes of Weight Loss and Changes in Body Composition During Aging
  - Body Composition and Cognitive Function in Healthy Subjects
  - Body Composition and Cognitive Function in Subjects with Cognitive Impairment
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
Part II: General Aspects, Nutritional Factors, and Specific Conditions in Dementia and Cognitive Decline
- Chapter 24. Whole of Diet Approaches: Evaluating the Evidence for Healthy Policy Guidelines, the Mediterranean, Vegetarian, Paleolithic, Okinawa, Ketogenic, and Caloric-Restrictive Diets on the Onset of Alzheimer’s Disease
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Concluding Remarks
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - Acknowledgments
  - References
- Chapter 25. Mediterranean Diet and Cognitive Health
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Assessment of MeDi Adherence
  - MeDi and Cognitive Health
  - Applications to Other Dementia
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 26. Japanese Perspectives on Dietary Patterns and Risk of Dementia
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - The Burden of Dementia in Japan
  - Epidemiological Findings of Dietary Patterns and Risk of Dementia in Japanese Communities
  - Dairy Constituents and Risk of Dementia
  - Soybean Products and Risk of Dementia
  - Rice and Risk of Dementia
  - Other Dietary Factors Associated with Dementia Risk
  - Conclusion
  - Application to Other Subtypes of Dementia
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 27. Western Diet and Cognitive Impairment
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Effects of Obesity and Diet in Westernized Societies on Human Cognitive Functioning
  - Western Diet and Impaired Hippocampal-Dependent Learning and Memory
  - Underlying Neuroendocrine Mechanisms
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 28. Dehydration in Elderly: Impact on Cognition
  - Introduction
  - The Physiology of Dehydration
  - Dehydration and Cognitive Impairment
  - Halting and Reversing Cognitive Impairment
  - Preventing Dehydration in the Elderly
  - Detecting and Treating Dehydration in the Elderly
  - Further Research
  - Summary Points
  - Practical Issues
  - References
- Chapter 29. Oral Health as Prerequisite of Nutrition Status in the Elderly
  - Introduction
  - Influential Factors on the Elderly in the Intake of Appropriate Diet
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Final Remarks
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 30. Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Cognitive Decline
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Observed Associations Between Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Measures of Cognitive Function
  - Is Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Beneficial for Maintenance of Cognitive Function?
  - Applications to Other Dementias or Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Conclusion
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 31. Medical Foods and Dietary Approaches in Cognitive Decline, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Effects of Dietary Supplementation on Cognitive Function— Biological Plausibility
  - Evaluating the Evidence
  - Diet and Cognitive Function
  - Specific Dietary Supplements
  - Medical Foods
  - Conclusions
  - Applications to Other Dementias
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - Acknowledgments
  - References
- Chapter 32. Polymorphism and Cognition: The Example of Folate and MTHFR C677T
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Chemistry, Source, and Metabolism
  - The Main Function
  - Folate, MTHFR C677T in Cognition
  - Folate, MTHFR 677TT Polymorphism, and Cognition
  - Applications to Other Areas of Dementia or Cognitive Decline
  - Conclusions
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - Acknowledgment
  - References
- Chapter 33. Eating Behavior of Dementia Patients: A Self-Awareness Model to Understand the Puzzling Eating Behavior of Dementia Patients
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Intelligence That Has Evolved in Order to Deal with Complex Interpersonal Relations
  - A Self-Awareness Model in Order to Understand the Puzzling Words and Deeds of Dementia Patients
  - The Puzzling Eating Behavior of Dementia Patients Seen from the Viewpoint of the Self-Awareness Model
  - “Fragile Selves” that Collapse with Loss of “Self-Awareness”
  - Applications to Other Dementias
  - Practical Issues
  - Dementia Patients’ Nutrition
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 34. An Overview of the Association Between Obesity in Later Life and Dementia Risk
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Is Obesity Associated with Dementia Risk?
  - Is Weight Loss Associated with Dementia Risk?
  - Putative Mechanisms: Causality, Reverse Causality, or Residual Confounding?
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline: Caloric Restriction and Cognition
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 35. Cognitive Decline and Diabetes: A Focus on Linking Mechanisms
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Pathophysiology of Cognitive Decline Among Diabetic Subjects
  - Practical Issues
  - Conclusions
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 36. Dementia and Insulin Resistance: Implications for Diet and Nutrition
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Insulin and IGF-1 in the Brain
  - Glucose Metabolism and AD
  - Insulin and IGF-1 Signaling in AD
  - Insulin and Oxidative Stress Mechanisms in AD
  - Applications to Other Dementia
  - Insulin, IGF-1 Signaling, and Amyloid in AD
  - Insulin, Inflammation, and AD
  - Role of Diet and Insulin Resistance in AD
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 37. Diabetes, Cognitive Decline, and Genome-Wide Associations
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 38. MRI of White Matter in Dementia in Relation to Cardiovascular Risks: Implications for Diet and Nutrition
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - WMH in AD and VaD
  - WMH and LBD
  - Implications for Medical Preventive Treatment, Lifestyle Factors, Specially Focused on Diet and Nutrition
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 39. Relationship Between Nutritional and Psycho-Functional Status in Alzheimer’s Disease
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Eligibility Criteria and Search Strategy
  - General Characteristics of Selected Articles
  - Nutritional and Psycho-Functional Association in AD
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 40. Ketosis in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Brain Energy Metabolism and Aging
  - Hypometabolism and APP Processing
  - Environmental Factors in Hypometabolism
  - Ketogenic Diets
  - Ketosis and AD
  - Ketosis and MCI
  - Conclusion
  - Summary Points
  - Disclosure and Acknowledgments
  - References
- Chapter 41. Leptin and Alzheimer’s Disease
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Leptin
  - Conclusions
  - Applications to Other Dementias
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 42. Circulating Oxidative Damage and Antioxidant Defense System Biomarkers in Early Stage Alzheimer’s Disease
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Oxidative Stress in AD
  - Genetic Susceptibility for AD
  - Circulating Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in AD
  - Antioxidant Defense Systems and AD
  - Applications to Other Dementia
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - Acknowledgments
  - References
- Chapter 43. The Contribution of Raised Metabolic Rate in the Weight Loss Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Energy Intake and AD
  - Energy Expenditure and AD
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 44. Nutrition and Survival in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary of Points
  - References
- Chapter 45. Eating Disturbance in Frontotemporal Dementia
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Alteration of Eating Behavior in FTD
  - Characteristics of Eating Behavior in FTD Subtypes
  - Biology of Eating Disturbance in FTD
  - Implications for Other Dementias
  - Practical Issues
  - Conclusion
  - Summary Points
  - Acknowledgments
  - References
- Chapter 46. Oxidative Stress, Micronutrients, and HIV Dementia
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Application to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 47. Homocysteine and Cognitive Decline in Parkinson’s Disease
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Parkinson’s Disease
  - CI in PD
  - Hcy in PD
  - Therapeutic Possibilities: Practical Issues
  - Conclusion: Considerations and Limitations
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 48. Focusing on the Effect of Body Mass Index Status in the Risk of Vascular Dementia Development
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - The Reality of Vascular Dementia
  - Relation of Changes in Body Mass Index to VaD
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 49. Antioxidant Status in Vascular Dementia
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - In Vitro and In Vivo Experiments
  - Studies of Human Patients
  - Diet, Antioxidants, and VaD
  - Applications to Other Dementias
  - Conclusion
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - Acknowledgments
  - References
- Chapter 50. Gastrointestinal Surgery and Wernicke Encephalopathy
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Pathophysiology of Brain Damage Due to Thiamine Deficiency
  - Risk Factors and Clinical Findings in Nonalcoholic WE
  - Life-Threatening WE Complicates Gastrointestinal Surgery for Cancer: A Retrospective Case Series Study (Table 50.3)
  - Application to Other Dementias and Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
Part III: Micronutrients in Dementia and Cognitive Decline
- Chapter 51. Aluminum and Alzheimer’s Disease
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Biology of Aluminum
  - Dietary Sources, Absorption, and Pharmacokinetics of Aluminum
  - Aluminum Toxicity and Health Risks
  - Aluminum and the Brain
  - Alzheimer’s Disease
  - Aluminum and Alzheimer’s Disease
  - Practical Issues
  - Conclusions
  - Applications to Other Dementia
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 52. Iron and Copper in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - The Impact of Supplementation or Depletion
  - Evidence from Observational Studies
  - Brain Levels of Cu and Fe in AD
  - Systemic Levels of Cu and Fe in AD
  - Molecular Considerations
  - Applications to Other Areas of Dementia
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - Acknowledgments
  - References
- Chapter 53. Neuroimaging of Brain Iron Deposition in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Imaging Techniques to Detect Brain Iron Deposition
  - Histologically Documented Iron Deposition in Microhemorrhages
  - Applications to Other Forms of Dementia
  - Global Iron Deposition
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 54. Magnesium and Alzheimer’s Disease: Implications for Diet and Nutrition
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Magnesium Metabolism in Older Adults
  - Magnesium and Cognitive Function
  - Alzheimer Disease, Oxidative Stress, and Magnesium
  - Neuroprotective Role of Magnesium
  - Conclusions
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 55. Inorganic Mercury and Alzheimer’s Disease—Results of a Review and a Molecular Mechanism
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Background
  - IM and AD
  - Applications to Other Dementias
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - Acknowledgment
  - References
- Chapter 56. Carotenoids in Cognitive Impairment with and without Dementia
  - Introduction: Micronutrients, Oxidative Stress, and Carotenoids
  - Biological Activity of Carotenoids: Implications for Cognitive Impairment-Related Oxidative Stress
  - Carotenoids in the Frame of Nutrition, Aging, and Cognitive Impairment: Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - References
- Chapter 57. Homocysteine and Dementia
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Homocysteine—Metabolism and Possible Mechanisms of Nervous System Injury
  - Homocysteine as a Vascular Risk Factor
  - Homocysteine as a Risk Factor for Neurodegeneration
  - Environmental and Genetic Factors Responsible for Hyperhomocysteinemia
  - Applications to Other Dementias (The Role of Hcy in Different Dementia Syndromes)
  - Possible Therapeutic Options
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 58. Vitamin A and Cognitive Impairment
  - Introduction
  - Vitamin A and Nutritional Concerns
  - Vitamin A and Cognitive Decline
  - Vitamin A and AD
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues: Dietary Guidelines for Vitamin A Intake for the Elderly
  - Conclusion
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 59. Vitamin B12 and Cognitive Impairment
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - The Vitamin B12 Reference Ranges
  - Malabsorption and Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Older Adults
  - The Prevalence of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in the Elderly
  - Proposed Mechanisms of Disease of Low Vitamin B12 Levels in Neurological Health
  - Vitamin B12 and Cognition in the Elderly
  - Vitamin B12 Supplementation and Cognition in Cognitively Intact Elders
  - Vitamin B12 Supplementation Does Not Improve Cognition in Dementia Patients with Normal Vitamin B12 Levels
  - Vitamin B12 Therapy in Patients Who Are Vitamin B12 Deficient
  - Benefits of Improving Vitamin B12 Levels Through Dietary Intake
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 60. An Overview on Vitamin B12 and Dementia with Behavioral and Executive Disturbances
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Vitamin B12 and AD
  - Psychiatric Disturbances, Dementia, and VB12D
  - VB12D Can Cause Psychiatric Symptoms via Multiple Mechanisms
  - Hyperhomocysteinemia and Brain Circuits
  - Changes in Myelin and Subcortical Dysfunction
  - Derangement of Methylation Reactions and Synthesis of Transmitters
  - Brain Atrophy
  - VB12D Can Manifest with Symptoms of FTD
  - Pathophysiological Mechanisms Associated with VB12D and Frontal Dysfunction
  - Patients with FTD-Like Syndrome Due to VB12D Meet Diagnostic Criteria for FTD
  - Application to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 61. Potential Role of Vitamin C in the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Practical Issues—Potential Role of VC in AD Prevention FROM Human Studies
  - Potential Role of VC in AD Prevention from Animal Studies
  - Applications of VC to Other Dementias
  - Future Direction
  - Summary Points
  - Acknowledgments
  - References
- Chapter 62. Vitamin C and Glutamate Uptake: Implications for Huntington’s Disease
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Vitamin C Biochemistry
  - Vitamin C in the Brain
  - Striatal Dysfunction in HD
  - Applications to Other Dementias
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 63. Vitamin D and the Association with Cognitive Performance, Cognitive Decline, and Dementia
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Vitamin D–Mediated Processes in Brain Function
  - Behavioral Correlates of Vitamin D Deficiency in Rodents
  - Vitamin D and Cognitive Performance in Human Population-Based Studies
  - Serum 25(OH)D and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies in Humans
  - Vitamin D and Cognitive Performance: Evidence from Human Trials
  - Applications to Other Areas of Cognitive Decline
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 64. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ and Resolvins Improve Immunity to Amyloid-β in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Targets of AD Immunotherapy: Adaptive Immunity Versus Innate Immunity
  - Rationale for AD Prevention by Vitamin D and ω-3 Fatty Acids
  - Immune Reactivity of AD Patients
  - Supplementation of Vitamin D₃
  - Neuroprotective (Intracranial) and Immune (Extracranial) Effects of Vitamin D and Curcuminoids Against Dementia
  - Neuroprotective and Immune Effects of DHA, Resolvins, and Neuroprotectin D1
  - Effects of 1,25D3 and RvD1 on Aβ₄₂ Phagocytosis and Inflammation in Human Macrophages Versus Mouse Models
  - Clinical Trials of DHA
  - Conclusions
  - Summary Points
  - Acknowledgments
  - References
- Chapter 65. Vitamin E Status in Niemann–Pick Type C
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Vitamin E
  - Biological Activity of Vitamin E
  - Antioxidant Function
  - Vitamin E in the CNS
  - Niemann–Pick Disease, Type C
  - Vitamin E and Niemann–Pick Disease Type C
  - Vitamin E as a Therapy for Niemann–Pick Disease Type C?
  - Applications to Other Dementias
  - Practical Issues
  - Summary Points
  - References
Part IV: Lipids, Amino Acids, Proteins, and Alcohol in Dementia and Cognitive Decline
- Chapter 66. Olive Oil and Huntington’s Disease
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Applications to Other DementiaS
  - Practical Issues
  - Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
  - Huntington’s Disease
  - Mediterranean Diet
  - Mediterranean Diet, Olive Oil, and Huntington’s Disease
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 67. The Impact of High Saturated Fat and High Glycemic Index Foods on Cognitive Function and Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers: Does a Typical Western Diet Cause Alzheimer’s Disease?
  - List of Abbreviations
  - Introduction
  - Longevity and Diet Patterns
  - Components of the Western Diet Worsen Cognition and Increase Risk for AD
  - Western Diet Components, Amyloid, and Tau
  - Western Diet Components and Altered Brain Lipid Chemistry
  - Western Diet Components and Brain Insulin Resistance
  - Inflammation/Oxidation
  - Western Diet, Adipocytes, and Hormones
  - Western Diet Components and Cerebral Blood Flow
  - Gene/Diet Interactions: Does One Diet Fit All?
  - Applications to Other Dementias
  - Practical Issues
  - Conclusion
  - Summary Points
  - References
- Chapter 68. Cholesterol Levels and Cognitive Impairments

Title Reviews

"This comprehensive resource on dementia and cognitive health can be a useful tool for specialists who focus on this area of medicine. 3 Stars - Score: 71"—Doody's

ISBN: 9780124078246

Page Count: 1260

Retail Price (USD) :

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