Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Echo Ranging of the Body
1.3 Ultrasound Portrait Photographers
1.4 Ultrasound Cinematographers
1.5 Modern Ultrasound Imaging Developments
1.6 Enabling Technologies for Ultrasound Imaging
1.7 Ultrasound Imaging Safety
1.8 Ultrasound and Other Diagnostic Imaging Modalities
1.9 Contrast Agents
1.10 Comparison of Imaging Modalities
1.11 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Chapter 2. Overview
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fourier Transform
2.3 Building Blocks
2.4 Central Diagram
References
Chapter 3. Acoustic Wave Propagation
3.1 Introduction to Waves
3.2 Plane Waves in Liquids and Solids
3.3 Elastic Waves in Solids
3.4 Elastic Wave Equations
3.5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Chapter 4. Attenuation
4.1 Losses in Tissues
4.2 Losses in Both Frequency and Time Domains
4.3 Tissue Models
4.4 Pulses in Lossy Media
4.5 Modified Hooke’s Laws and Tissue Models for Viscoelastic Media
4.6 Wave Equations for Tissues
4.7 Discussion
4.8 Penetration and Time Gain Compensation
References
Chapter 5. Transducers
5.1 Introduction to Transducers
5.2 Resonant Modes of Transducers
5.3 Equivalent Circuit Transducer Model
5.4 Transducer Design Considerations
5.5 Transducer Pulses
5.6 Equations for Piezoelectric Media
5.7 Piezoelectric Materials
5.8 Comparison of Piezoelectric Materials
5.9 Transducer Advanced Topics
References
Bibliography
Chapter 6. Beamforming
6.1 What is Diffraction?
6.2 Fresnel Approximation of Spatial Diffraction Integral
6.3 Rectangular Aperture
6.4 Apodization
6.5 Circular Apertures
6.6 Focusing
6.7 Angular Spectrum of Waves
6.8 Diffraction Loss
6.9 Limited Diffraction Beams
6.10 Holey Focusing Transducers
References
Bibliography
Chapter 7. Array Beamforming
7.1 Why Arrays?
7.2 Diffraction in the Time Domain
7.3 Circular Radiators in the Time Domain
7.4 Arrays
7.5 Pulse–Echo Beamforming
7.6 Two-dimensional Arrays
7.7 Baffled
7.8 Computational Diffraction Methods
7.9 Nonideal Array Performance
7.10 Conformable and Deformable Arrays
References
Bibliography
Chapter 8. Wave Scattering and Imaging
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Scattering of Objects
8.3 Role of Transducer Diffraction and Focusing
8.4 Role of Imaging
References
Bibliography
Chapter 9. Scattering From Tissue and Tissue Characterization
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Scattering from Tissues
9.3 Properties of and Propagation in Heterogeneous Tissue
9.4 Array Processing of Scattered Pulse–Echo Signals
9.5 Tissue Characterization Methods
9.6 Applications of Tissue Characterization
9.7 Aberration Correction
9.8 Wave Equations for Tissue
References
Bibliography
Chapter 10. Imaging Systems and Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Trends in Imaging Systems
10.3 Major Controls
10.4 Block Diagram
10.5 Major Modes
10.6 Clinical Applications
10.7 Transducers and Image Formats
10.8 Front End
10.9 Scanner
10.10 Back End
10.11 Advanced Signal Processing
10.12 Alternate Imaging System Architectures
References
Bibliography
Chapter 11. Doppler Modes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Doppler Effect
11.3 Scattering from Flowing Blood in Vessels
11.4 Continuous-Wave Doppler
11.5 Pulsed-Wave Doppler
11.6 Comparison of Pulsed- and Continuous-Wave Doppler
11.7 Ultrasound Color Flow Imaging
11.8 Non-Doppler Visualization of Blood Flow
11.9 Doppler Revisited
11.10 Vector Doppler
11.11 Functional Ultrasound Imaging
References
Bibliography
Chapter 12. Nonlinear Acoustics and Imaging
12.1 Introduction
12.2 What is Nonlinear Propagation?
12.3 Propagation in a Nonlinear Medium with Losses
12.4 Propagation of Beams in Nonlinear Media
12.5 Harmonic Imaging
12.6 Harmonic Signal Processing
12.7 Nonlinear Wave Equations and Simulation Models
12.8 Acoustic Radiation Forces and Streaming
References
Bibliography
Chapter 13. Ultrasonic Exposimetry and Acoustic Measurements
13.1 Introduction to Measurements
13.2 Materials Characterization
13.3 Transducers
13.4 Acoustic Output Measurements
13.5 Performance Measurements
13.6 High-intensity Acoustic Measurements
13.7 Thought Experiments
References
Bibliography
Chapter 14. Ultrasound Contrast Agents
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Microbubble as Linear Resonator
14.3 Microbubble as Nonlinear Resonator
14.4 Cavitation and Bubble Destruction
14.5 Ultrasound Contrast Agents
14.6 Imaging with Ultrasound Contrast Agents
14.7 Therapeutic Ultrasound Contrast Agents: Smart Bubbles
14.8 Equations of Motion for Contrast Agents
14.9 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Chapter 15. Ultrasound-induced Bioeffects
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Ultrasound-induced Bioeffects: Observation to Regulation
15.3 Thermal Effects
15.4 Nonthermal Effects
15.5 The Output Display Standard
15.6 Ultrasound-induced Bioeffects: A Closer Look
15.7 Comparison of Medical Ultrasound Modalities
15.8 Equations for Predicting Temperature Rise
15.9 Conclusions
References
Bibliography
Chapter 16. Elastography
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Elastography Physics
16.3 Elastography Implementations
16.4 Conclusions
References
Bibliography
Chapter 17. Therapeutic Ultrasound
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Therapeutic Ultrasound Physics
17.3 Therapeutic Ultrasound Applications
17.4 Conclusions
References
Appendix A. The Fourier Transform
A.1 Introduction
A.2 The Fourier Transform
References
Bibliography
Appendix B
References
Appendix C. Development of One-Dimensional KLM Model Based on ABCD Matrices
References
Appendix D. List of Groups Interested in Medical Ultrasound
Index
