List of Boxes
Preface to the Fourth Edition
About the Editors
Contributors
I: Fundamental Neuroscience
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Neuroscience
A Brief History of Neuroscience
The Terminology of Nervous Systems is Hierarchical, Distributed, Descriptive, and Historically Based
Neurons and Glia Are Cellular Building Blocks of the Nervous System
Cellular Organization of the Brain
Organization of this Text
This Book is Intended for a Broad Range of Scholars of the Neurosciences
Clinical Issues in the Neurosciences
The Genomic Inventory is a Giant Step Forward
Neuroscience Today: a Communal Endeavor
The Creation of Knowledge
Responsible Conduct
Summary
References
Chapter 2. Basic Plan of the Nervous System
Introduction
Evolution Highlights: General Organizing Principles
Development Reveals Basic Vertebrate Parts
The Basic Plan of Nervous System Connectivity
Overview of the Adult Mammalian Nervous System
References
II: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Chapter 3. Cellular Components of Nervous Tissue
Neurons
Specific Examples of Different Neuronal Types
Neuroglia
Cerebral Vasculature
References
Chapter 4. Subcellular Organization of the Nervous System: Organelles and Their Functions
Axons and Dendrites: Unique Structural Components of Neurons
Protein Synthesis in Nervous Tissue
Cytoskeletons of Neurons and Glial Cells
Molecular Motors in the Nervous System
Building and Maintaining Cells of the Nervous System
References
Chapter 5. Membrane Potential and Action Potential
Membrane Potential
Passive Electrical Properties of the Neuron
Action Potential
References
Chapter 6. Neurotransmitters
Several Modes of Neuronal Communication Exist
Chemical Transmission
Classical Neurotransmitters
Nonclassical Neurotransmitters
Peptide Transmitters
Unconventional Transmitters
The Expanding Synapse and Gliotransmission
References
Chapter 7. Release of Neurotransmitters
Transmitter Release is Quantal
Excitation–Secretion Coupling
Molecular Mechanisms of the Nerve Terminal
Quantal Analysis: Probing Synaptic Physiology
Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity
References
Chapter 8. Neurotransmitter Receptors
Ionotropic Receptors
G-Protein Coupled Receptors
References
Chapter 9. Intracellular Signaling
Signaling Through G-Protein-Linked Receptors
Modulation of Neuronal Function by Protein Kinases and Phosphatases
Intracellular Signaling Affects Nuclear Gene Expression
References
Chapter 10. Postsynaptic Potentials and Synaptic Integration
Ionotropic Receptors: Mediators of Fast Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials
Metabotropic Receptors: Mediators of Slow Synaptic Potentials
Integration of Synaptic Potentials
Synaptic Plasticity
References
Chapter 11. Information Processing in Dendrites and Spines
Introduction
Synaptic Integration in Passive Dendrites
Synaptic Integration in Active Dendrites
Structure and Function of Dendritic Spines
Computations Performed by Dendrites
Summary
References
Chapter 12. Brain Energy Metabolism
Energy Metabolism of the Brain as a Whole Organ
Tight Coupling of Neuronal Activity, Blood Flow, and Energy Metabolism
Energy-Producing and Energy-Consuming Processes in the Brain
Glutamate Metabolism: A Coordinated Shuttle Between Astrocytes and Neurons
Brain Energy Metabolism at the Cellular Level
The Astrocyte-Neuron Metabolic Unit
References
III: Nervous System Development
Chapter 13. Neural Induction and Pattern Formation
Neural Induction
Early Neural Patterning
Regionalization of the Central Nervous System
Conclusions
References
Chapter 14. Cellular Determination
Introduction
Neurogenesis
The Proneural and Neurogenic Genes
Transcriptional Hierarchies and Networks
Asymmetric Cell Division and Cell Fate
Neurons and Glia
Sensory Neurons of the Peripheral Nervous System
The Retina
The Spinal Cord
Motor Neurons
The Cerebral Cortex
Conclusions
References
Chapter 15. Neurogenesis and Migration
Introduction
Development of the Peripheral Nervous System
Segmental Migration of Neural Crest Cells
Cell Migration in the CNS
References
Chapter 16. Growth Cones and Axon Pathfinding
Growth Cones are Actively Guided
Guidance Cues for Developing Axons
Guidance Cues and the Control of Cytoskeletal Dynamics
Guidance at the Midline: Changing Responses to Multiple Cues
Topographic Mapping
References
Chapter 17. Synapse Formation
Development of the Neuromuscular Synapse
Synapse Formation in the Central Nervous System
References
Chapter 18. Programmed Cell Death and Neurotrophic Factors
Cell Death and the Neurotrophic Hypothesis
The Origins of Programmed Cell Death and its Widespread Occurrence in the Developing Nervous System
Functions of Neuronal Programmed Cell Death
Modes of Cell Death in Developing Neurons
The Mode of Neuronal Cell Death Reflects the Activation of Distinct Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms
Nerve Growth Factor: the Prototype Target-Derived Neuronal Survival Factor
The Neurotrophin Family
Neurotrophin Receptors
Secretion and Axonal Transport of Neurotrophins and Pro-Neurotrophins
Signal Transduction Through TRK Receptors
Multiple Cytokines and Growth Factors Implement Neurotrophic Activities
Programmed Cell Death is Regulated by Interactions with Targets, Afferents, and Nonneuronal Cells
The Role of Trophic Factors and Programmed Cell Death in Neuropathology
References
Chapter 19. Synapse Elimination
Overview
The Purpose of Synapse Elimination
A Structural Analysis of Synapse Elimination at the Neuromuscular Junction
A Role for Interaxonal Competition and Activity
Is Synapse Elimination Strictly a Developmental Phenomenon?
References
Chapter 20. Dendritic Development
Dynamics of Dendritic Arbor Development
Transcriptional Control of Dendrite Development
Extracellular Regulation of Dendritic Development
Dendritic Development and Circuit Formation in Mammalian Retina
Laminar Specificity in the Inner Plexiform Layer
Activity-Dependent Dendritic Development
The Synaptotrophic Model Of Dendrite Development
Branch Retraction and Synapse Elimination
Calcium-Dependent Mechanisms That Mediate Dendritic Growth
Protein Synthesis Dependent Regulation of Dendrite Development
Convergence And Divergence
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21. Early Experience and Sensitive Periods
Birdsong: Learned by Experience
Sound Localization: Calibrated by Early Experience in the Owl
Binocular Processing in the Mammalian Visual Cortex Depends on Early Experience
A Sensitive Period for Shaping the Temperament of Rats
Principles of Sensitive Period Learning
References
IV: Sensory Systems
Chapter 22. Fundamentals of Sensory Systems
Sensation and Perception
Receptors
Peripheral Organization and Processing
Central Pathways and Processing
Sensory Cortex
Summary
References
Chapter 23. Chemical Senses: Taste and Olfaction
Taste
Olfaction
Different Odors Activate Different Combinations of Glomeruli
Pheromone Detection
References
Chapter 24. The Somatosensory System
Peripheral Mechanisms of Somatic Sensation
Nociception
CNS Components of Somatic Sensation
Thalamic Mechanisms of Somatic Sensation
The Path from Nociception to Pain
Cortical Representation of Touch
References
Chapter 25. Audition
External and Middle Ear
The Cochlea
The Auditory Nerve
Central Nervous System
References
Chapter 26. Vision
Overview
Sensory Systems Detect Contrast or Change
The Eye and the Retina
The Retinogeniculocortical Pathway
References
V: Motor Systems
Chapter 27. Fundamentals of Motor Systems
Basic Components of the Motor System
Motor Programs Coordinate Basic Motor Patterns
Roles of Different Parts of the Nervous System in the Control of Movement
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Chapter 28. The Spinal and Peripheral Motor System
Locomotion is A Cycle
Connecting the Spinal Cord to the Periphery
Spinal Interneuron Networks
Descending Control of Spinal Circuits
Sensory Modulation
References
Chapter 29. Control of Movement
The Medial Postural System
The Lateral Voluntary System
Summary
References
Chapter 30. The Basal Ganglia
Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia
Signaling in Basal Ganglia
The Effect of Basal Ganglia Damage on Behavior
Principles of Basal Ganglia Operation for Motor Control
Basal Ganglia Participation in Nonmotor Functions
References
Chapter 31. Cerebellum
Cerebellar Anatomy and Circuit
Cellular and Synaptic Performance of the Cerebellar Circuit
Cerebellar Function
References
Chapter 32. Eye Movements
Eye Movements are Used to Stabilize Gaze or to Redirect Gaze
The Mechanics of Moving the Eyes
The Fundamental Circuits for Stabilizing Gaze
The Commands for Redirecting Gaze are Formed in the Brainstem
Gaze Movements are Controlled by the Midbrain and Forebrain
The Control of Gaze Movements Involves Higher-Order Processes
Conclusions
References
VI: Regulatory Systems
Chapter 33. The Hypothalamus: An Overview of Regulatory Systems
Historical Perspective
Hypothalamic Cytoarchitecture
Functional Organization of the Hypothalamus
Effector Systems of the Hypothalamus are Hormonal and Synaptic
References
Chapter 34. Central Control of Autonomic Functions: Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Division: Organized to Mobilize the Body for Activity
Parasympathetic Division: Organized for Energy Conservation
The Enteric Division of the Ans: The Nerve Net Found in the Walls of Visceral Organs
Ans Pharmacology: Transmitter and Receptor Coding
Autonomic Coordination of Homeostasis
Hierarchically Organized ANS Circuits in the CNS
Perspective: Future of the Autonomic Nervous System
References
Chapter 35. Neural Control of Respiratory and Cardiovascular Functions
Breathing
Where are the Neurons Generating the Respiratory Pattern?
Discharge Patterns of Respiratory Neurons
Models for Respiratory Pattern Generation
Mechanoreceptors in the Lungs Adjust Breathing Pattern and Initiate Protective Reflexes
Cardiovascular
Sensory Regulation of Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
Modulation and Plasticity of Respiratory Motor Output
References
Chapter 36. Food Intake and Metabolism
Caloric Homeostasis
Role of Caloric Homeostasis in Control of Food Intake
Central Control of Food Intake
Neuropeptides and the Control of Food Intake
References
Chapter 37. Water and Salt Intake and Body Fluid Homeostasis
Body Fluid Physiology
Osmotic Homeostasis
Volume Homeostasis
References
Chapter 38. Neuroendocrine Systems
The Hypothalamus is the Central Neuroendocrine Organ
Hypothalamic Control of Anterior Pituitary Hormones and their Regulated Functions
Hypothalamic Control of Posterior Pituitary Hormones and their Regulated Functions
Hormones, the Brain, and Behavior
References
Chapter 39. Circadian Timekeeping
Introduction
Overview of the Mammalian Circadian Timing System
A Hierarchy of Cell-Autonomous Circadian Oscillators
The Molecular Basis for Circadian Oscillation is A Transcriptional Feedback Loop
Circadian Photoreception in Mammals
Circadian Output Mechanisms
Diversity of Output Pathways Leading to Physiological Rhythms
General Summary
References
Chapter 40. The Neurobiology of Sleep and Dreaming
The Two States of Sleep: Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and Non–Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep
Neural Control of the Sleep–Wake and REM/NREM Cycles
Systems Neuroscience of Sleep and Dreaming
Development and Phylogeny of Sleep
Sleep Disorders
The Purpose of Sleep
References
Chapter 41. Reward, Motivation, and Addiction
Reward and Motivation
Addiction
References
VII: Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience
Chapter 42. Human Brain Evolution
Human Brain Evolution
The Brains of Early Mammals
Evolution of Primate Brains
Conclusions
References
Chapter 43. Cognitive Development and Aging
Brain Development
Cognitive Development and Aging: A Life Span Perspective
Cognitive Aging
Pathological Processes in Cognitive Development and Aging
Pathological Manifestations of Cognitive Aging: Dementia
References
Suggested Readings
Chapter 44. Visual Perception of Objects
The Problem of Object Recognition
Substrates for Object Perception and Recognition: Early Evidence from Brain Damage
Visual Pathways for Object Processing in Nonhuman Primates
Neuronal Properties within the Object Recognition Pathway
Functional Neuroimaging of Object Recognition
Perception and Recognition of Specific Classes of Objects
Overall Summary
References
Chapter 45. Spatial Cognition
Neural Systems for Spatial Cognition
Parietal Cortex
Frontal Cortex
Medial Temporal Lobe
Spatial Cognition and Spatial Action
References
Chapter 46. Attention
Introduction
Definitions and Varieties of Attention
Neglect Syndrome: A Deficit of Spatial Attention
Attention Affects Neural Activity in the Human Visual Cortex in the Presence and Absence of Visual Stimulation
Single Unit Recording Studies in Nonhuman Primates Provide Convergent Evidence for A Fronto-Parietal Attentional Control System
Attention Increases Neuronal Responses and Boosts the Clarity of Signals Generated by Neurons in Parts of the Visual System Devoted to Processing Information about Objects
Attention Modulates Neural Responses in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
The Visual Search Paradigm has been used to Study the Role of Attention in Selecting Relevant Stimuli from within A Cluttered Visual Environment
Where is the Computational Bottleneck as Revealed by Search Tasks?
Neuronal Receptive Fields are A Possible Neural Correlate of Limited Capacity
Filtering of Unwanted Information in Humans
Competition can be Biased by Nonspatial Feedback
Conclusions
References
Chapter 47. Learning and Memory: Basic Mechanisms
Paradigms have been Developed to Study Associative and Nonassociative Learning
Invertebrate Studies: Key Insights from Aplysia into Basic Mechanisms of Learning
Vertebrate Studies: Long-Term Potentiation
Long-Term Depression
How Does a Change in Synaptic Strength Store a Complex Memory?
References
Chapter 48. Learning and Memory: Brain Systems
Introduction
Behavior Supported by Multiple Memory Systems
Conclusion
References
Chapter 49. Language
Animal Communication
Human Language
Neural Organization for Language
Conclusions
References
Chapter 50. The Prefrontal Cortex and Executive Brain Functions
Introduction
Anatomy and Organization of the Prefrontal Cortex
Effects of Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex in Humans
Neuroimaging Studies and PFC
Effects of Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex in Monkeys
Neurophysiology of the Prefrontal Cortex
Theories of Prefrontal Cortex Function
References
Chapter 51. The Neuroscience of Consciousness
What Phenomena does Consciousness Encompass?
The Neurobiology of Free Will
Consciousness in other Species
Arousal and States of Consciousness
The Neuronal Correlates of Consciousness
The Neuronal Basis of Perceptual Illusions
Perceptual Puzzles of Contemporary Interest
Forward Versus Feedback Projections
An Information-Theoretical Theory of Consciousness
Conclusion
References
Index
