Engineering Energy Storage,

1 Energy Storage
1.1 A Brief History of Energy
1.2 Renewable Energy and Energy Storage
1.3 Energy, power and other aspects
1.3.1 Energy Storage Systems
1.3.2 Energy and Power for Transportation
1.3.3 Volume and Mass
1.3.4 Technology Performance
1.3.5 Fueling Rate
1.3.6 Efficiency and Propagation of Efficiency Losses

2 General Thermodynamics
2.1 The First Law and Internal Energy, U
2.2 Second Law and Entropy
2.2.1 Reversible Adiabatic must be Isentropic
2.2.2 The Carnot Efficiency Limitation
2.3 Pressure and Volume
2.4 Enthalpy and Control Volumes
2.5 Gibbs Free Energy and Chemical Potential

3 Mechanical Energy Storage
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mechanical Energy Storage
3.2.1 Flywheels
3.2.2 Hydroelectric Energy Storage

4 Thermal Energy Storage
4.1 Heat vs Thermal Energy
4.2 Single Phase Energy Storage - Sensible Heat
4.3 Two Phase Thermal Energy Storage - Latent Heat
4.3.1 Single Component Systems
4.3.2 Two Component Systems - Eutectic and Non-Eutectic Heat
4.3.3 Reaction Heat
4.4 Cooling and energy storage
4.4.1 Vapour-Liquid Phase Diagrams
4.4.2 Heat Pumps and Refrigeration Systems
4.4.3 From two-phase to three-phase energy storage systems

5 Thermomechanical Energy Storage
5.1 Thermodynamics - Heat, Work and States
5.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage
5.2.1 Phase Change Materials
5.2.2 Cryogenic Energy Storage
5.2.3 Other Compressed Gases
5.3 Solar Power Towers

6 Electrochemical Energy Storage
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nernst Equation and the Electromotoric Force - EMF
6.2.1 The Free Energy of a Reaction
6.2.2 The Electrochemical Free Energy
6.2.3 Half Cell Reactions
6.2.4 Ohm’s Law - Power and Potential
6.3 Concentration and Nernst Equation
6.3.1 Activity of Components and Species
6.3.2 EMF and Concentration
6.3.3 Concentration Polarization Overpotentials
6.3.4 Liquid Junction Potential 6.4 Electrode Reaction Kinetics
6.4.1 The Equilibrium Reaction Rate and Constant
6.4.2 Butler-Volmer Overpotentials
6.4.3 The Tafel Overpotential - an Approximation
6.4.4 Charge Transfer Resistance Overpotentials, RCT - yet an approximation
6.4.5 Overpotentials for Competing Electrode Reactions

7 Secondary Batteries
7.1 Battery terminology
7.2 Red-ox cells and oxidation number
7.3 Charging and Discharge Power and Efficiency
7.4 Battery Capacity
7.5 Battery footprint
7.5.1 Accumulated weight
7.5.2 Environmental footprint
7.6 Battery chemistry
7.6.1 Lead Acid battery
7.6.2 NiCd batteries
7.6.3 NiMeH batteries
7.6.4 ZEBRA batteries
7.7 Li-ion batteries
7.7.1 Manufacturing of Li-ion batteries
7.8 Flow Cell Batteries
7.8.1 RedOx Flow Batteries
7.8.2 Concentration Flow Batteries

8 Hydrogen for Energy Storage
8.1 Hydrogen Production; Water electrolysis
8.1.1 Water electrolysis thermodynamics
8.1.2 Electrolysis Technologies
8.1.3 Other Types of Electrolysis
8.1.4 Hydrogen from coal and natural gas
8.2 Hydrogen Storage and Distribution
8.2.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrogen
8.2.2 Hydrogen Storage Technologies
8.3 Reuse of Hydrogen: Fuel Cells
8.3.1 Fuel cell thermodynamics
8.3.2 Fuel cell technologies
8.4 Mineral limitations
8.5 Perspectives of hydrogen requirements for various sectors

9 Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Conversion
9.1 Conventional Capacitors
9.2 Supercapacitors
9.3 Deploying Supercapacitors
9.4 Pseudo- and Hybrid Supercapacitors
A Symbols and Constants
B Adiabatic Compression of Air
C Para and Ortho Hydrogen