Dedication
Preface
Chapter 1. Elements: Their Origin and Abundance
1.1 Introduction
1.2 A Brief History of the Solar System and Planet Earth
1.3 The Composition of Earth’s Crust and Soils
1.4 The Abundance of Elements in the Solar System, Earth’s Crust, and Soils
1.5 Elements and Isotopes
1.6 Nuclear Binding Energy
1.7 Enrichment and Depletion during Planetary Formation
1.8 Planetary Accretion
1.9 The Rock Cycle
1.10 Soil Formation
1.11 Concentration Frequency Distributions of the Elements
1.12 Estimating the Most Probable Concentration and Concentration Range Using the Logarithmic Transformation
1.13 Summary
Appendix 1A Factors Governing Nuclear Stability and Isotope Abundance
Appendix 1B Nucleosynthesis
Appendix 1C Thermonuclear Fusion Cycles
Appendix 1D Neutron-Emitting Reactions that Sustain the S-Process
Appendix 1E Random Sequential Dilutions and the Law of Proportionate Effect
Appendix 1F The Estimate of Central Tendency and Variation of a Log-Normal Distribution
Chapter 2. Soil Moisture and Hydrology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Water Resources and the Hydrologic Cycle
2.3 Water Budgets
2.4 Residence Time and Runoff Ratios
2.5 Groundwater Hydrology
2.6 Vadose Zone Hydrology
2.7 Elementary Solute Transport Models
2.8 Summary
Appendix 2A Soil Moisture Recharge and Loss
Appendix 2B The Water-Holding Capacity of a Soil Profile
Appendix 2C Predicting Capillary Rise
Appendix 2D Symbols and Units in the Derivation of the Retardation Coefficient Model of Solute Transport
Appendix 2E Symbols and Units in the Derivation of the Plate Theory Model of Solute Transport
Appendix 2F Empirical Water Characteristic Function and Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity
Chapter 3. Clay Mineralogy and Clay Chemistry
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mineral Weathering
3.3 The Structure of Layer Silicates
Appendix 3A Formal Oxidation Numbers
Appendix 3B The Geometry of Pauling’s Radius Ratio Rule
Appendix 3C Bragg’s Law and X-Ray Diffraction in Layer Silicates
Appendix 3D Osmotic Model of Interlayer Swelling Pressure
Appendix 3E Experimental Estimates of Interlayer Swelling Pressure
Chapter 4. Ion Exchange
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Discovery of Ion Exchange
4.3 Ion Exchange Experiments
4.4 Interpreting the Ion Exchange Isotherm
4.5 Summary
Appendix 4A Thermodynamic and Conditional Selectivity Coefficients
Appendix 4B Nonlinear Least Square Fitting of Exchange Isotherms
Appendix 4C Equivalent Fraction-Dependent Selectivity Coefficient for (Mg2+, Ca2+) Exchange on the Libby Vermiculite
Chapter 5. Water Chemistry
5.1 The Equilibrium Constant
5.2 Activity and the Equilibrium Constant
5.3 Modeling Water Chemistry
5.4 Summary
Appendix 5A ChemEQL Result Data File Format
Appendix 5B Validating Water Chemistry Simulations
Appendix 5C Validation Assessment for Examples 5.13 and 5.16
Appendix 5D Cinnabar Solubility in an Open System Containing the Gas Dihydrogen Sulfide
Appendix 5E Simultaneous Calcite-Apatite-Pyromorphite Solubility
Appendix 5F Simultaneous Gibbsite-Variscite Solubility
Appendix 5G Apatite Solubility as a Function of pH
Appendix 5H Effect of the Citrate on the Solubility of the Calcium Phosphate Mineral Apatite
Appendix 5I Effect of the Bacterial Siderophore Desferrioxamine B on the Solubility of the Iron Oxyhydroxide Goethite
Chapter 6. Natural Organic Matter and Humic Colloids
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Soil Carbon Cycle
6.3 Soil Carbon
6.4 Dissolved Organic Carbon
6.5 Humic Substances
6.6 Humic Colloids
6.7 Summary
Appendix 6A Hydroxamate and Catecholamide Siderophore Moieties
Appendix 6B Surface Microlayers
Appendix 6C Humic Oxygen Content and Titratable Weak Acids
Appendix 6D Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Colloids
Chapter 7. Acid-Base Chemistry
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Principles of Acid-Base Chemistry
7.3 Sources of Environmental Acidity and Basicity
7.4 Atmospheric Gases
7.5 Ammonia-Based Fertilizers and Biomass Harvesting
7.6 Charge Balancing in Plant Tissue and the Rhizosphere
7.7 Mechanical Properties of Clay Colloids and Soil Sodicity
7.8 Exchangeable Acidity
7.9 Summary
Appendix 7A Buffer Index
Appendix 7B Converting Mass Fraction to Sum-of-Oxides Composition
Appendix 7C Saturation Effect: Atmospheric Conversion of Sulfur Trioxide to Sulfuric Acid
Appendix 7D Bicarbonate and Carbonate Reference Levels
Appendix 7E Calculating the pH of a Sodium Carbonate Solution
Appendix 7F Calculating the Aqueous Carbon Dioxide Concentration in a Weak Base Solution
Appendix 7G Ion Exchange Isotherm for Asymmetric (Ca2+, Al3+) Exchange
Appendix 7H The Effect of (Na+, Ca2+) Exchange on the Critical Coagulation Concentration of Montmorillonite
Appendix 7I Predicting Changes in SAR by Water Chemistry Simulation
Chapter 8. Redox Chemistry
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Redox Principles
8.3 Interpreting Redox Stability Diagrams
8.4 Microbial Respiration and Electron Transport Chains
8.5 Summary
Appendix 8A Assigning Formal Oxidation Numbers
Appendix 8B Converting (pe, pH) Redox Coordinates into (EH, pH) Coordinates
Appendix 8C Limitations in the Measurement of the Environmental Reduction Potential Using Platinum ORP Electrodes
Chapter 9. Adsorption and Surface Chemistry
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Mineral and Organic Colloids as Environmental Adsorbents
9.3 The Adsorption Isotherm Experiment
9.4 Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Colloids
9.5 Interpreting the Adsorption Isotherm Experiment
9.6 Variable-Charge Mineral Surfaces
9.7 The Adsorption Envelope Experiment: Measuring pH-Dependent Ion Adsorption
9.8 Valence Bond Model of Proton Sites
9.9 Surface Complexes
9.10 Summary
Appendix 9A Particle Sedimentation Rates in Water: Stokes’s Law
Appendix 9B Linear Langmuir Expression
Appendix 9C Hydrolysis Model of Proton Sites
Chapter 10. Risk Assessment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Federal Risk Assessment Paradigm
10.3 Dose-Response Assessment
10.4 Exposure Pathway Assessment
10.5 Intake Estimates
10.6 Risk Characterization
10.7 Exposure Mitigation
10.8 Summary
Appendix 10A Chemical- and Site-Specific Factors that May Affect Contaminant Transport by Surface Water
Appendix 10B Chemical- and Site-Specific Factors that May Affect Contaminant Transport by Groundwater
Appendix 10C Chemical- and Site-Specific Factors that May Affect Contaminant Transport Involving Soils or Sediments
Appendix 10D Chemical- and Site-Specific Factors that May Affect Contaminant Transport Involving Air and Biota
Appendix 10E Water Ingestion Equation
Appendix 10F Soil Ingestion Equation
Appendix 10G Food Ingestion Equation
Appendix 10H Air Inhalation Equation
Appendix 10I Hazard Index—Cumulative Noncarcinogenic Risk
Appendix 10J Cumulative Target Risk—Cumulative carcinogenic Risk
References
Index
